Advances in Breast Cancer Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Breast cancer remains the most prevalent malignancy and a leading cause of cancer mortality among women globally, with rising incidence across sub-Saharan Africa. Early and accurate diagnosis is critical for improving outcomes, yet access to advanced diagnostic tools remains uneven. This review synthesizes recent advances in breast cancer diagnostic modalities, emphasizing innovations from 2020–2025 and their potential application in low- and middle income settings. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for recent studies on imaging, molecular diagnostics, biomarkers, and artificial intelligence in breast cancer detection and characterization. Emphasis was placed on comparative findings from global, regional (sub-Saharan African), and Nigerian studies. Emerging diagnostic tools such as digital mammography, contrast-enhanced MRI, elastography, and AI-assisted imaging have significantly improved sensitivity and specificity. Molecular biomarkers and liquid biopsy technologies, including circulating tumor DNA and exosomal assays, are enhancing early detection, disease monitoring, and treatment stratification. Hybrid diagnostic pathways integrating imaging and molecular data show promise for personalized, minimally invasive diagnostics. Modern advances are revolutionizing breast cancer diagnosis, but regional disparities persist. Strengthening infrastructure, capacity building, and the integration of hybrid diagnostic approaches are essential to achieve equitable breast cancer detection and management, particularly in resource-limited regions.