Personalised Cancer Treatment: The Era of Precision Oncology - A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Personalised cancer treatment, also known as precision oncology, represents a paradigm shift from conventional “onesize-fits-all” cancer therapy towards an approach guided by the unique genetic, molecular, and environmental characteristics of each patient and tumour. Advances in genomics, molecular diagnostics, and bioinformatics have enabled targeted and immune-based therapies that significantly improve outcomes and reduce toxicity.This study was therefore set up to provide a comprehensive review of the principles, clinical applications, current challenges, and  future directions of personalized cancer treatment in the era of precision oncology. Relevant peer-reviewed literature published in the past decade (2015–2025) was reviewed from databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Emphasis was placed on studies exploring molecular biomarkers, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and pharmacogenomics across various cancer types. The study found that the integration of molecular profiling and targeted therapeutics has transformed cancer management, with substantial clinical benefits in malignancies such as breast, lung, colorectal, and melanoma. Emerging technologies—including next-generation sequencing, liquid biopsy, and artificial intelligence enhance diagnosis, treatment selection, and real-time disease monitoring. However, challenges persist in accessibility, cost, ethical regulation, and tumour heterogeneity, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Precision oncology has indeed shown to redefine cancer care, enabling therapies tailored to individual molecular and clinical profiles. Broader implementation requires equitable access to molecular diagnostics, multidisciplinary collaboration, and integration of AI-driven decision tools to realise the full promise of personalised medicine globally