Immunohistochemistry in Cancer Diagnostics in West Africa: Current Applications, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Abstract

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a vital diagnostic tool in cancer pathology, enabling precise tumour classification, prognostication, and treatment stratification. However, its implementation in West Africa is still evolving, constrained by infrastructural, technical, and financial barriers. This study was set out to evaluate the current state of IHC use in cancer diagnostics in West Africa, outline key challenges, highlight regional and global practices, and explore prospects and policy recommendations. This review synthesises data from peer-reviewed publications, regional cancer registries, and institutional reports from 2018 to 2024. It includes global benchmarks, Sub-Saharan African, West African, and Nigerian data sources. IHC is available in major tertiary hospitals across Nigeria, Ghana, and Senegal, but remains limited in rural and secondary facilities. While its use in breast, prostate, and lymphoid malignancies has improved, key gaps include a lack of trained personnel, reagent stock-outs, and the absence of automated platforms. Regional disparities persist, with coverage favouring urban academic centres. Scaling up IHC in West Africa requires investment in infrastructure, training, public-private partnerships, and integration into national cancer control strategies. The need for standardised protocols and digital pathology is also urgent to enhance diagnostic precision.